![]() ![]() Despite participants' unfamiliarity with the societies represented, the random sampling of each excerpt, their very short duration (14 s), and the enormous diversity of this music, the ratings demonstrated accurate and cross-culturally reliable inferences about song functions on the basis of song forms alone. ![]() Experiment 1 and its analysis plan were pre-registered. Excerpts were drawn from a geographically stratified pseudorandom sample of dance songs, lullabies, healing songs, and love songs recorded in 86 mostly small-scale societies, including hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, and subsistence farmers. In Experiment 1, internet users (n = 750) in 60 countries listened to brief excerpts of songs, rating each song's function on six dimensions (e.g., "used to soothe a baby"). Here, we show that vocal music exhibits recurrent, distinct, and cross-culturally robust form-function relations that are detectable by listeners across the globe. Across animal taxa, vocalization forms are shaped by their functions, including in humans. Humans use music for a variety of social functions: we sing to accompany dance, to soothe babies, to heal illness, to communicate love, and so on. 5 Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.4 Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, 21 Allée de Brienne, 31015 Toulouse, France Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, 410 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.Electronic address: 3 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Peabody Museum, 11 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Electronic address: 2 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Peabody Museum, 11 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. 1 Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, 1350 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
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